As per the 2011 census, the total population is 72.6 Mn, comprising 52.6 Mn rural and 20.1 Mn urban populations. The state's population density was recorded at 236 per 1000. Madhya Pradesh's sex ratio increased by 12 points to 931/1000.

The effective literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh was 69.3%, out of which the male literacy rate was 78.7%, and the female was 64.6%. The number of literates is 42.9 Mn. Out of these, 28.3 Mn literates were in rural areas, and 14.6 Mn literates were in urban areas.  Out of this, 25.2 Mn (58.7% of the total literates) were males, and 17.7 Mn. (41.3% of total literates) were females.

The worker population ratio of the MP for 2022-23 was 63.4%.

As per the Economic Survey 2022-23, a total of 10,111 sub-health centers, 1,415 primary health centers, 353 community health centers, 135 civil hospitals, and 52 district hospitals are providing health services in Madhya Pradesh.

The birth rate of MP, according to the Sample Registration System Bulletin 2020, was 24 per 1000 people, and the death rate was 6 per 1000 people. Life expectancy was 67.4 years, out of which 65.5 for males and 69.5 for females.  The maternal mortality ratio was 173 per 100,000 live births. The infant mortality rate was 43 per 1000 live births, and the sex ratio in 2021 was 956 females per 1000 males, which was above the national average of 929.

The state has 13 government medical colleges, 5 private medical colleges, 1 government dental college in Indore, 8 private dental colleges, 35 government nursing colleges, 551 private nursing colleges, 19 government general nursing and midwifery colleges, and 574 private GNM colleges, 22 government auxiliary nurse and midwife colleges, and 79 private ANM colleges.

The effective literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh was 69.3%, out of which the male literacy rate was 78.7%, and the female was 64.6%. Currently, MP has almost 16 Mn children enrolled in 12,582 schools, including 62,413 primary, 45,106 upper primary, 8,306 secondary, and 9,757 higher secondary schools. As per the Economic Survey 2022-23, the Gross Enrollment Ratio of MP for elementary schools is 88.7%, for secondary schools it is 70.0%, for senior secondary schools it is 51.3%, and for higher education, it is 27.1%.

Madhya Pradesh has 9,258 government high and higher secondary schools in the state, benefitting 3.8 Mn students. The state is in the 6th position with 2610 colleges and 29 colleges per 100,000 population. It is also in the top 6 states in terms of highest total student enrollment, with 17,37,685 students. The state boasts 74 universities, of which 22 are state public universities,39 are state private universities, 9 are institutes of national importance, 2 are central universities, 1 is a state-open university, and 1 is deemed a government university.

As of 2022-23, there are 1,300 technical educational institutes under the government with a total intake capacity of 194,478. Additionally, 1020 Industrial Training Institutes cater to a number of vocations.

To boost innovation-driven entrepreneurial culture and to inculcate the spirit of innovation, the Government of Madhya Pradesh has released the Madhya Pradesh Startup Policy 2022. The Madhya Pradesh Mukhyamantri Udyam Kranti Yojana 2022 was started to expand MSME units and for increasing self-employment opportunities in the state. To attract investments, providing incentives, and offering financial assistance to MSMEs, the state government launched the MSME Development Policy 2021 and the Industrial Promotion Policy 2021. The MSME Cluster Development Scheme guides cluster development for MSMEs in the state.

Under digital governance, smart cities have played a vital role through the implementation of Integrated Command Control Centres as a platform for providing citizen-centric online services and enabling the collation of information and collaborative monitoring, thus helping in the analysis of data for quicker decision-making.

Madhya Pradesh boasts a robust industrial infrastructure, making it an ideal destination for investment. The state has 115+ industrial areas covering 30,000+ hectares, including 112 developed or developing zones and 14 greenfield sites ready for new industries. It features sector-specific parks, such as the PM MITRA Park, Medical Device Park, and six Special Economic Zones (SEZs), catering to manufacturing, exports, and specialized industries. Investors benefit from plug & play infrastructure, particularly for IT and electronics industries, and flexible land acquisition on EMI. The state is well-connected through five commercial airports, including Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport (Indore), Raja Bhoj Airport (Bhopal), and airports in Jabalpur, Gwalior, and Khajuraho, supporting both passenger and cargo movement. Madhya Pradesh also has several Inland Container Depots (ICDs), such as those in Pithampur, Mandideep, and Malanpur, facilitating efficient domestic and international trade. As part of key industrial corridors, including the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC), and supported by a comprehensive road and rail network, the state ensures seamless logistics and supply chain operations, making it a thriving hub for industries.

Madhya Pradesh has a total renewable energy capacity of 10,248.02 MW, comprising 123.71 MW of small hydropower, 2,844.29 MW of wind power, 134.94 MW of biopower, 4,910.08 MW of solar power, and 2,235.00 MW of large hydropower.

According to the Economic Survey of MP 2022-23, the state ranks 8th in India with a wind power capacity of 15404 MW, 4th with a small hydro capacity of 820 MW, 2nd with a biomass power capacity of 1364 MW, and 4th with a solar energy capacity of 61660 MW. The state has a total power generation capacity from various sources of 12423.29 Mus (Million Units), which includes 3946.61 MU from wind, 2696.29 MU from solar, 64.85 MU from biomass, 27.28 MU from bagasse, 355.13 MU from small hydro, and 5313.27 MU from large hydro (excluding imports from Bhutan) and 19.86 MU from others.

The state launched the Renewable Energy Policy 2022 to harness renewable energy potential, attract investment, increase power exports outside the state, develop heritage cities as green cities, and generate employment opportunities. The state has witnessed the sale of 96,151 EVs as of August 2023.

The government has also launched the Scheme for Promotion of Ethanol and Bio-fuel Production 2021 to provide subsidies, concessions, and incentives for setting up ethanol blending plants in Madhya Pradesh. The state government intends to contribute to the national target of 10% blending of fuel-grade ethanol with petrol by 2022 and 20% by 2025.