As per the 2011 Census, the total population of Bihar stood at 10,40,99,452, which was 8% of India's population. Out of the total population, 542,781,57 were males, and 498,212,95 were females. The sex ratio of the state was 918 females per 1,000 males, and the child sex ratio was 1106 females per 1,000 males. The population growth rate was 25.42%, and the population density of the state was 1,106 sq. km. The literacy rate of the state was 61.80%, out of which the male literacy rate was 71.20% and the female literacy rate was 51.50%.

The worker population ratio in Bihar in 2021–22 was 25.6%, which is expected to increase. Bihar has a relatively young population structure. Nearly 58% of its population falls under the age of 25, according to the 2011 Census. Bihar is a source of migrant labour for many Indian states. Skilled, domicile workers who are already experienced and readily willing to relocate back to their home state for employment are an advantage for businesses in the state.

Bihar is equipped with a robust network of healthcare services, including 534 Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 10,788 Sub Centres, and 1,399 Additional Primary Health Centres (APHCs). The state’s healthcare workforce comprises 7,144 regular doctors, 602 contractual doctors, 9,650 regular nurses, and 1,690 contractual nurses. Additionally, there are 15,205 regular Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs), 9,640 contractual ANMs, and 90,542 contractual Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs).

The literacy rate in Bihar is 61.8%, which is lower than the national average of 73.0%. The male literacy rate is 71.2%, higher than the national average of 64.6%, while the female literacy rate is 51.5%, lower than the national average of 80.9%.
As per the Unified District Information System for Education 2021-22, Bihar has 2.1 Cr of students enrolled in elementary education, 36.2 Lakhs enrolled in secondary education, and 20 Lakhs enrolled in higher secondary education. The state has 93,165 schools, out of which 42,505 were for primary education and 38,185 for upper primary education. For higher education, the state, as per the All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) 2021-22, has 37 universities and 1,092 colleges. As per the Economic Survey 2022-23, the gross enrolment ratio of Bihar for elementary schools is 96.2%, for secondary schools is 64.9%, for senior secondary schools is 35.9%, and for higher education is 15.9%.

Bihar has 4 Central Universities, 19 State public Universities, 6 Institutes of national Importance, 1 open university, 1 university under state legislative act, 1 Deemed university and 7 state private universities, 1,197 Colleges, 64 teachers training institutes, 53 Engineering Colleges, 67 Polytechnics.

The state government has taken steps to promote digital literacy and IT education. Programs like Bihar Knowledge Centre aim to provide IT training to youth, enhancing their employability. Bihar has set up IT parks and industrial hubs to attract IT and IT-enabled services (ITES) companies. The Software Technology Park of India has established its presence in cities like Patna, promoting IT entrepreneurship.
The state has various premier institutions in the IT, ITeS, and ESDM sectors. Some of these include the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, the Indian Institute of Technology Patna Incubation Centre, the Software Technology Park at Patna, and the National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Patna, among others.

Bihar has a total road density of 3,166.9 km per 1,000 sq km of geographical area and is ranked third nationally. The state has ~3,00,000 km of road network. The national highways and state highways play a crucial role in connecting major cities and towns of the state. The Golden Quadrilateral and the North-South-East-West Corridor projects have also provided efficient road links to different regions of the country. Prominent expressways in the state includes Varanasi-Ranchi-Kolkata, Gorakhpur- Silliguri, Patna - Purnia, and Raxaul - Haldia Expressway.

Rivers like the Ganges, Gandak, Kosi, and others crisscross the state, making water transport a potential mode of connectivity. Seven national waterways pass through the state of Bihar, out of which the Allahabad-Haldia national waterway is already operational.
Bihar recorded the highest growth in the country by registering 20.4% growth during 2021-22, followed by Andhra Pradesh with 14.9% rate. 
The railway network is well-established in Bihar, with 3,803 route km of length, connecting it to other parts of India. Major railway lines pass through the state, including the East Central Railway (ECR) and the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR). Cities like Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, and Bhagalpur are important railway junctions in the state.

Bihar has several domestic airports that facilitate air travel within the state and to other parts of the country. The major airports in the state are Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport in Patna, Gaya Airport, Darbhanga Airport etc. Additionally, the state has also benefitted from the presence of airports in Deoghar, Varanasi, Kushinagar, and Bagdogra, which are in adjoining states.

Major Industrial Corridors:
Amritsar Kolkata Industrial Corridor (AKIC) 
Integrated Manufacturing Cluster (IMC) is being developed by Gol at Gaya Under AKIC with a site area of approximately 1670 acres. IMC is profoundly suitable for the purpose of transforming it into a manufacturing hub of the future in the state of Bihar. Proposed sectors: Textile, Food processing, engineering, fabrication, defence products, etc.

East Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC)
The EDFC connecting Ludhiana to Kolkata through rail freight also passes through Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad and Gaya in Bihar

East West Corridor
3300 KM corridor, which connects Silchar to Porbandar, via national highway 27 also passes through Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Supaul-Purnia, and Kishanganj in Bihar"

Bihar has a total renewable energy capacity of 420.26 MW, comprising 70.7 MW of small hydropower, 126.02 MW of bio-power, and 223.54 MW of solar power. The state has a total power generation capacity from various sources of 218.89 Mu, which includes 140.65 Mu from solar, 72.73 Mu from bagasse, and 5.51 Mu from small hydro.